{"id":16085,"date":"2020-11-19T10:47:49","date_gmt":"2020-11-19T07:17:49","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-11-19T10:47:49","modified_gmt":"2020-11-19T07:17:49","slug":"\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a-\u0648-\u0646\u0642\u0634-\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc-\u0628\u06cc\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc-\u063a\u06cc\u0631-\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc--\u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0641-\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646-\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u061b-\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647:-\u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646-\u0642\u0644\u062c\u06cc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/?p=16085","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc  \u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647: \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u062c\u06cc"},"content":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0634\u060c\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc  \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06ccNon-Governmental Organizations)) \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062c\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0628\u0633 (Harold Jacobson) \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647, \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc, \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u06cc (IGO) \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621, \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646, \u062a\u0635\u0645\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u06cc\u0623\u062a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. [1] \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0645\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f NGO \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u06a9\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647, \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647, \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0631, \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u062d \u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0645.  \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc (NGO) \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u00ab\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0634\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u00bb, \u00ab\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u00bb \u0648 \u00ab\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u00bb \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u00ab\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u00bb \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 NGO\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 NGO \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0634\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u00bb \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0634 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0639\u0631\u0635\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u0646 \u0648 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d, \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a, \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0634 \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a.[2] \u00ab\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u00bb \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u06cc\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1992 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u06a9\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u06cc(Intergovernmental Organizations) \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a. NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. [3] \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u064b \u00ab\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u00bb \u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u06af \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0641 \u0622\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0634 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc: \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0645\u0648\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0645\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a.  \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u06a9\u0633 \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062b\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.[4] \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f, \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u062e\u0648\u062f NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc, \u0645\u0644\u06cc, \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a NGO \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 INGO \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 NGO\u200c \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644(ECOSOC)\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0632 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0641 ECOSOC \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0647 1940 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 NGO\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0647\u0645\u0647 NG\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0633\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u200c\u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0623\u0626\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0633\u062a . \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: NGO \u0647\u0627 INGO (International Organizations) (\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc), BINGO (Business International NGO) (\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc)\u060c RINGO (Religious International NGO) (\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc), ENGO (Environmental NGO) (\u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a), CONGO (Government- Operated NGO) (\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a- \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f). QUANGO (Quasi- nongovernmental NGO) (\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f) \u0648 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631.  \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 NGO \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0648 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u06cc (MNCS) \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f (\u0647\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 MNC \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f) \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0634\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647, \u0627\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0632 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0686\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0634\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f, \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u067e\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u06cc\u0644\u062a\u0633(Peter Willetts) \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u200c\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u0646 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f: \u00ab\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062a\u200c\u0632\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a.\u00bb[5]  \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u061f  \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0647\u0647 1990 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a NGO \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u0634\u062f. NGO \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0623\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 (\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a) \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f.  \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1998 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f: \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0645, \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f.[6] \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1992 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u06a9 \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0623\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u200c\u0622\u067e(Trickle-UP Program) \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u067e\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f. [7] NGO\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u06cc\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f.  \u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0646 20 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0686\u0634\u0645\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1945 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 2865 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1990 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627 3443 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0648 200 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0647 13591 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.[8] NGO \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0631, \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647, \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a &#8211; \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.[9]  \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u0646\u0627\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f \u062f \u0631\u0623\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u067e\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a, \u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0631. \u0645\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646(Mary Anderson) \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a NGO \u0647\u0627 (\u06a9\u0645\u06a9\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647- \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a) \u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.[10]         \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f  \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 18 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc 1944 \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0648\u06a9\u0633 (Dumbarton Oaks) \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627, \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646, \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0648 \u0686\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 7 \u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0628\u0631 1944 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u062f, \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f.[11]  \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u06cc\u0623\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u06a9\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632 42 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u06cc\u0623\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f: \u0642\u0634\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0631, \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc, \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632, \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631, \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u0627, \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0647\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc. \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u06cc\u0623\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0648 ECOSOC \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0634\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 71 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f:[12]  \u00ab\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0633\u062f. \u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0623\u06cc\u0632\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.\u00bb  \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1992 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 1420 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0631\u06cc\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b 25000 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u06cc 9000 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 NGO \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f.                  \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 1  \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644                  \u0633\u0627\u0644         \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc         \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc         \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0647         \u062c\u0645\u0639           1948         7         32         2         41           1968         12         143         222         377           1991         41         354         533         928           1993         42         376         560         978           1995         69         436         563         1068           1996         81         499         646         1126           1997         88         602         666         1356                  \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639: \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644. \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0644 8 \u0633 1998 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc                      \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc, \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u06441993 ECOSOC \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a NGO \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644, \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc NGO \u0648 \u0633\u0647\u0645 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a.[13] \u062f\u0631 35 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc 1996 \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0647\u0644 \u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a ECOSOC \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:[14] \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc (\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0651\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f), \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 (\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f) \u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0647 (\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631) \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0642 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  ECOSOC \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0647 90 \u0645\u062f\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0698\u0648\u0626\u0646 2004 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a: \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f:  \u00b7 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f  \u00b7 \u062a\u06a9\u06cc\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f  \u00b7 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u06af\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0648 NGO \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f  \u00b7 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.  \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u06cc\u0623\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u06af\u0631\u0623\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u06cc\u0623\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f.[15]  \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.       \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644            \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0628 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d, \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647, \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0644 \u0648 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0645\u064f\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a, \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u06af\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0641\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.  \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 1986 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0632\u0644\u0646\u062f \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u062f, \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f. \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u06af \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc (IPPNW) \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1985 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u062d \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1988 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc (IALANA) \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a \u062a\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f.  \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 66 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 (\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062f) \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u06af \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc (IPPNW) \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 14 \u0645\u06cc 1993 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.[16] \u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 1993 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0634 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a. \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc 1994 \u0648 1995 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06a9 \u0648\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f.  \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc (WHO). \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc, \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 (IALANA) \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f. \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0635\u0644\u062d\u200c\u0622\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0631 18 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 1994 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0631 8 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc 1996 \u0631\u0623\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f: \u062a\u0647\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u06af\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f.  \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627 ECOSOC \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u062f. \u06a9\u0648\u0641\u06cc \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0646 (Kofi Annan) \u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u06a9\u0631\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0634 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 1997 \u0631\u0627 \u06af\u0648\u0634 \u0632\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc (ICBL) \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0647\u0645 NGO\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u062c \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u064f\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0627 (Ottawa convention) \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0647\u0645\u0647 122 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 1997 \u0627\u0645\u0636\u0627 \u0634\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 1998 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0633\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0647\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u06cc\u0646, \u0628\u0646, \u0628\u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644 1997 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0623\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u062a\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 ICBL \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a.  \u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646(\u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 2004) \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc 143 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627, 19 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0648 42 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a, \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0645\u0636\u0627 \u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u0642 \u0648 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.  \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 NGO\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1995 \u062c\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0644 (Jim paul) \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u067e\u0631 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u062a\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc 30 NGO \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f 6 NGO \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc, 6NGO \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0631, 2 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0645\u06a9\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0635\u0644\u062d \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644, \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc, \u062d\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc, \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0634 \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u0645 \u060c\u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0647. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.[17] \u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 (Quaker UN Office) \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 NGO \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u0627\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0633\u0647\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u06af \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u06a9\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0632 (Quakers) \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u0632 (Mennonites) \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.  NGO \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u06af\u0648\u0627\u0634 (Pugwash) \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062b (Dartmouth) \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0632\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u06af \u0633\u0631\u062f. \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u06af\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0648 (sant Egidio) \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0646 (International crisis Group) \u0628\u0631 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u06a9\u0634\u06cc\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 (search for common Ground) \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0644\u062d \u0648 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u06af\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc (Burundi) \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u06cc\u0633 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0635\u0644\u062d \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f.[18] \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc (International Alert) \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 (FEWER) \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0634\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u062d \u0648 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc (Women&quot;s lnternational League of peace Freedom) \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u06a9 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0628 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 1325 \u0633\u0627\u0644 2000 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f.  \u0646\u0642\u0634 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f, \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645, \u062f\u06cc\u067e\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u06cc, \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc, \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a, \u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u062d \u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a. NGO \u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 NGO \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a.  \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639         [1]Harold K. Jacobson. 1984. Networks of Interdependence: International Organizations and the Global Political System. Second edition. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984), 4-10. [2] For definition and discussion of these and other social movements see Roger S. Powers and William B. Vogele (eds.), 1997, Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from ACT-UP to Women&quot;s Suffrage. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. [3] Section 3, Chapters 23-32, &quot;Strengthening the Role of Major Groups,&quot; includes women, children and youth, indigenous people, NGOs, local authorities, workers and trade unions, business and industry, the scientific and technological community, and farmers. See United Nations Department of Public Information, Earth Summit Agenda 21: the United Nations Programme of Action from Rio. New York: UN DPI\/1344, April 1993, pp. 219-245. [4] See for example Elise Boulding, 1977, Women in the Twentieth Century World. New York: John Wiley, pp. 165-218, for the argument that NGOs represent the voice of the people in a landscape of money and power. [5] Peter Willetts. &quot;Non-Governmental Organizations,&quot; Article 1.44.3.7 in UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. (www.staff.city.ac.uk\/p.willetts\/CS\/NTWKS\/NGO-ART.HTM). [6] Report of the Secretary-General: Arrangements and practices for the interaction of non-governmental organizations in all activities of the United Nations system. A\/53\/170 (10 July 1998) [7] Paul Lewis, &quot;Fixing World Crises Isn&quot;t Just a Job for Diplomats,&quot; New York Times, April 5, 1992, section 4, p 4. [8] Compiled by author from Yearbook of International Organizations, 1990-91. Table 4, pp. 1665-68. [9] One of the first major news articles on NGOs at the UN was Paul Lewis, &quot;Fixing World Crises Isn&quot;t Just a Job for Diplomats,&quot; New York Times, April 5, 1992, section 4, p. 4, which looked at NGOs in the context of the UNCED PrepCom. [10] Mary Anderson. Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace &#8211; or War. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999. [11] See first text in U.S. Department of State, Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation, 1939-1945, Publication 3580 (February 1950) Appendix 38, pp. 595-606. See second text in &quot;Dumbarton Oaks Proposals for the Establishment of a General International Organization,&quot; in U.S. Department of State, Dumbarton Oaks Documents on International Organization, Publication 2257 (1945), pp 5-16. [12]For more detailed discussion of the early stages of NGO consultative status in the UN, see Carolyn M. Stephenson, &quot;NGOs and the Principal Organs of the United Nations,&quot; in Paul Taylor and A.J.R. Groom (eds.), The United Nations at the Millennium: The Principal Organs. (London: Continuum, 2000), 273-276. [13] ECOSOC Resolution 1993\/80, 30 July 1993. [14] For more detail on the further development of UN-NGO relations, see Stephenson, 276-294. [15] Report of the Secretary-General&quot;s Panel of Eminent Persons on Civil Society and UN Relationships, June 21, 2004. [16] http:\/\/www.un.org\/reform\/panel.htm [17] Global Policy Forum, NGO Working Group on the Security Council Information Statement July 2003. www.globalpolicy.org\/security\/ngowkgrp\/statements\/current.htm. [18] Herding Cats  \r \r                     \r                         \r                     \r \r                     \r                         \r                     \r \r                 \r                     \r                             \r                     \r \r                 ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0634\u060c\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06ccNon-Governmental Organizations)) \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062c\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0628\u0633 (Harold Jacobson) \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647, \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc, \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u06cc (IGO) \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621, \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16085","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647: \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u062c\u06cc - \u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/?p=16085\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fa_IR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647: \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u062c\u06cc - \u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0634\u060c\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06ccNon-Governmental Organizations)) \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062c\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0628\u0633 (Harold Jacobson) \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647, \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc, \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u06cc (IGO) \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621, \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646, [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/?p=16085\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-11-19T07:17:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0632\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0631\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0633\u062a\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0632\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0631\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/?p=16085#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/?p=16085\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0632\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0631\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/a17991b10871a43c202c4bd791f7b2ff\"},\"headline\":\"\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647: \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u062c\u06cc\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-11-19T07:17:49+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/?p=16085\"},\"wordCount\":606,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"\u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/?p=16085\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/?p=16085\",\"name\":\"\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647: \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u062c\u06cc - \u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2020-11-19T07:17:49+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/?p=16085#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/?p=16085\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/?p=16085#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647: \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u062c\u06cc\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/02\\\/logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/02\\\/logo.png\",\"width\":1500,\"height\":1500,\"caption\":\"\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/a17991b10871a43c202c4bd791f7b2ff\",\"name\":\"\u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0632\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0631\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5fd976aa0efbb5658e5277581e3862fe40848d1df81b9497d0d38b196c35c4b1?s=96&d=monsterid&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5fd976aa0efbb5658e5277581e3862fe40848d1df81b9497d0d38b196c35c4b1?s=96&d=monsterid&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5fd976aa0efbb5658e5277581e3862fe40848d1df81b9497d0d38b196c35c4b1?s=96&d=monsterid&r=g\",\"caption\":\"\u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0632\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0631\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/didgahnews.ir\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tajkhabar.ir\\\/?author=5\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647: \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u062c\u06cc - \u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/?p=16085","og_locale":"fa_IR","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647: \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u062c\u06cc - \u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631","og_description":"\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0634\u060c\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06ccNon-Governmental Organizations)) \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062c\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0628\u0633 (Harold Jacobson) \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647, \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc, \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u06cc (IGO) \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621, \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646, [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/?p=16085","og_site_name":"\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631","article_published_time":"2020-11-19T07:17:49+00:00","author":"\u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0632\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0631","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0633\u062a":"\u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0632\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0631","\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646":"3 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/?p=16085#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/?p=16085"},"author":{"name":"\u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0632\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0631","@id":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/a17991b10871a43c202c4bd791f7b2ff"},"headline":"\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647: \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u062c\u06cc","datePublished":"2020-11-19T07:17:49+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/?p=16085"},"wordCount":606,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/#organization"},"articleSection":["\u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631"],"inLanguage":"fa-IR"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/?p=16085","url":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/?p=16085","name":"\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647: \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u062c\u06cc - \u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/#website"},"datePublished":"2020-11-19T07:17:49+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/?p=16085#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fa-IR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/?p=16085"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/?p=16085#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647","item":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647: \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u062c\u06cc"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/#website","url":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/","name":"\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fa-IR"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/#organization","name":"\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631","url":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fa-IR","@id":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/logo.png","width":1500,"height":1500,"caption":"\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/#\/schema\/person\/a17991b10871a43c202c4bd791f7b2ff","name":"\u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0632\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0631","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fa-IR","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5fd976aa0efbb5658e5277581e3862fe40848d1df81b9497d0d38b196c35c4b1?s=96&d=monsterid&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5fd976aa0efbb5658e5277581e3862fe40848d1df81b9497d0d38b196c35c4b1?s=96&d=monsterid&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5fd976aa0efbb5658e5277581e3862fe40848d1df81b9497d0d38b196c35c4b1?s=96&d=monsterid&r=g","caption":"\u0645\u0647\u062f\u06cc \u0632\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0631"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/didgahnews.ir"],"url":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/?author=5"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16085","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16085"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16085\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16085"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16085"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tajkhabar.ir\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16085"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}